Preface | | | | | | xv |
About the Authors | | | | | | xix |
Introduction | | | | | | xxi |
1
The Supreme Court: An Institutional Perspective | | | | | | 1 |
Table 1-1
Chronology of Important Events in the Supreme Court's History, 1787-2006 | | | | | | 3 |
Table 1-2
Chronology of Important Events in the Supreme Court's History Pertaining to Women, 1787-2006 | | | | | | 20 |
Table 1-3
Chronology of Important Events in the Supreme Court's History Pertaining to Minorities, 1787-2006 | | | | | | 24 |
Table 1-4
Brief Overview of the Supreme Court, 2006 | | | | | | 28 |
Table 1-5
Select Congressional Legislation Relating to the Supreme Court | | | | | | 31 |
Table 1-6
Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to the Organization of the Supreme Court | | | | | | 34 |
Table 1-7
Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court | | | | | | 35 |
Table 1-8
Selected Internet Sites Relating to the Supreme Court | | | | | | 37 |
Table 1-9
Supreme Court Budget Appropriations, 1930-2007 | | | | | | 39 |
Table 1-10
Supreme Court Budget, Fiscal Years 2005-2007 | | | | | | 42 |
Table 1-11
Salaries of the Justices, 1789-2006 | | | | | | 43 |
Table 1-12
Retirement and Pension Provisions for Supreme Court Justices | | | | | | 44 |
Table 1-13
Outline of the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States | | | | | | 46 |
Figure 1-1
The Processing of Supreme Court Cases | | | | | | 48 |
Table 1-14
The Supreme Court's Calendar | | | | | | 49 |
Table 1-15
Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to Supreme Court Officers and Employees | | | | | | 50 |
Table 1-16
Supreme Court Employees: Full-time Permanent Positions, 1930-2007 | | | | | | 53 |
Table 1-17
Administrative Officers of the Supreme Court, 1790-2006 | | | | | | 55 |
2
The Supreme Court's Review Process, Caseload, and Cases | | | | | | 57 |
Table 2-1
Supreme Court Rule 10: Considerations Governing Review on Certiorari | | | | | | 61 |
Table 2-2
The Supreme Court's Caseload, 1880-2004 Terms | | | | | | 62 |
Table 2-3
Cases on the Dockets of the Supreme Court, 1935-1969 Terms | | | | | | 68 |
Table 2-4
Cases on the Dockets of the Supreme Court, 1970-2004 Terms | | | | | | 70 |
Table 2-5
Petitions Granted Review, 1926-1969 Terms | | | | | | 72 |
Table 2-6
Petitions Granted Review, 1970-2004 Terms | | | | | | 74 |
Table 2-7
Guide to Oral Argument at the Supreme Court | | | | | | 76 |
Table 2-8
Signed Opinions, Cases Disposed of by Signed Opinion, and Cases Disposed of by Per Curiam Opinion, 1926-2004 Terms | | | | | | 80 |
Table 2-9
Reporting Systems | | | | | | 82 |
Table 2-10
Where to Obtain Supreme Court Opinions | | | | | | 83 |
Table 2-11
Formally Decided Cases, by Issue Area, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 87 |
Table 2-12
Major Decisions of the Supreme Court: Congressional Quarterly, 1790-2004 | | | | | | 93 |
Table 2-13
Major Decisions of the Supreme Court: New York Times Measure, 1946-2005 | | | | | | 153 |
Table 2-14
Cases Incorporating Provisions of the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment | | | | | | 175 |
Table 2-15
Supreme Court Decisions Holding Acts of Congress Unconstitutional in Whole or in Part, 1789-2005 | | | | | | 176 |
Table 2-16
Supreme Court Decisions Holding State Constitutional and Statutory Provisions and Municipal Ordinances Unconstitutional on Their Face or as Administered, 1789-2005 | | | | | | 181 |
Table 2-17
Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decisions, 1789-2005 | | | | | | 208 |
3
The Supreme Court's Opinion, Decision, and Outcome Trends | | | | | | 223 |
Table 3-1
Unanimous Decisions, 1900-2004 Terms | | | | | | 225 |
Table 3-2
Dissenting Opinions, 1801-2004 Terms | | | | | | 227 |
Table 3-3
Concurring Opinions, 1801-2004 Terms | | | | | | 232 |
Table 3-4
Cases Decided by a 5-4 or 4-3 Vote, 1801-2004 Terms | | | | | | 237 |
Table 3-5
Cases Decided by a Judgment of the Court, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 242 |
Table 3-6
Disposition of Cases, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 244 |
Table 3-7
Direction of Court Decisions, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 246 |
Table 3-8
Direction of Court Decisions (Percentage Liberal), by Issue Area, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 247 |
Table 3-9
Ideological Means and Medians in Civil Liberties Cases, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 252 |
Table 3-10
Ideological Means and Medians in Criminal Cases, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 254 |
Table 3-11
Ideological Means and Medians in Economic Liberties Cases, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 256 |
Table 3-12
Means and Medians of the Segal-Cover (Editorial-Based) Ideology Scores, 1946-2005 Terms | | | | | | 258 |
Table 3-13
Martin and Quinn's Estimated Locations of the Most Liberal, Median, and Most Conservative Ideal Points, 1937-2004 Terms | | | | | | 260 |
4
The Justices: Backgrounds, Nominations, and Confirmations | | | | | | 263 |
Table 4-1
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court | | | | | | 267 |
Table 4-2
Birth and Childhood Statistics for the Justices | | | | | | 271 |
Table 4-3
Family Background of the Justices | | | | | | 280 |
Table 4-4
Education and Legal Training of the Justices | | | | | | 291 |
Table 4-5
Marriages and Children of the Justices | | | | | | 303 |
Table 4-6
Private Practice and Law Professorships of the Justices | | | | | | 308 |
Table 4-7
Military Experience of the Justices | | | | | | 318 |
Table 4-8
Political Experience of the Justices | | | | | | 320 |
Table 4-9
Prior Judicial Experience of the Justices | | | | | | 334 |
Table 4-10
Summary of Background Characteristics of the Justices | | | | | | 342 |
Table 4-11
Net Worth of the Justices, 2005 | | | | | | 344 |
Table 4-12
Supreme Court Nominees | | | | | | 345 |
Table 4-13
Supreme Court Nominees and the Vacancies to Be Filled | | | | | | 354 |
Table 4-14
Senate Judiciary Committee Action on Supreme Court Nominees | | | | | | 364 |
Table 4-15
Senate Action on Supreme Court Nominees | | | | | | 379 |
Table 4-16
American Bar Association Rating of Supreme Court Nominees, 1956-2006 | | | | | | 389 |
Table 4-17
Confirmation Factors, 1937-2006 | | | | | | 391 |
Table 4-18
Respondents Supporting or Opposing Nominees for the Supreme Court | | | | | | 393 |
Table 4-19
Respondents' Impressions of the Withdrawal of Supreme Court Nominee Harriet Miers | | | | | | 394 |
Table 4-20
Appointment Anomalies | | | | | | 395 |
5
The Justices: Post-Confirmation Activities and Departures from the Court | | | | | | 399 |
Table 5-1
Length of Service (Ranked) | | | | | | 402 |
Table 5-2
Natural Courts | | | | | | 405 |
Table 5-3
Circuit Justice Assignments, 1802-1867 | | | | | | 416 |
Table 5-4
Circuit Justice Assignments, 1867-2006 | | | | | | 418 |
Table 5-5
Extrajudicial Activities while Sitting on the Court | | | | | | 423 |
Table 5-6
Impeachment Actions against Supreme Court Justices | | | | | | 428 |
Table 5-7
Departure from the Court | | | | | | 429 |
Table 5-8
Justices Rated "Great," Selected Studies | | | | | | 436 |
Table 5-9
Post-Court Activities | | | | | | 438 |
Table 5-10
The Deaths of the Justices | | | | | | 443 |
Table 5-11
Locations of Justices' Personal Papers | | | | | | 452 |
Table 5-12
Selected Books and Articles Written by the Justices | | | | | | 461 |
Table 5-13
Classic Statements from the Bench | | | | | | 473 |
Table 5-14
Published Biographies of the Justices | | | | | | 497 |
6
The Justices: Oral Arguments, Votes, and Opinions | | | | | | 517 |
Table 6-1
Ideological Values of the Justices, 1937-2006 | | | | | | 521 |
Table 6-2
Martin-Quinn Estimates of the Justices' Ideology and the Median Justice, 1937-2004 Terms | | | | | | 523 |
Table 6-3
Oral Argument Activity, by Issue Area (Select Terms) | | | | | | 532 |
Table 6-4
Aggregate Liberal Voting of Justices, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 534 |
Table 6-5
Liberal Voting of the Justices, by Term, 1946-2004 | | | | | | 538 |
Table 6-6
Voting Interagreements among the Justices, by Issue Area: The Vinson Court, 1746-1952 Terms | | | | | | 570 |
Table 6-7
Voting Interagreements among the Justices, by Issue Area: The Warren Court, 1953-1968 Terms | | | | | | 581 |
Table 6-8
Voting Interagreements among the Justices, by Issue Area: The Burger Court, 1969-1985 Terms | | | | | | 601 |
Table 6-9
Voting Interagreements among the Justices, by Issue Area: The Rehnquist Court, 1986-2004 Terms | | | | | | 615 |
Table 6-10
Votes in Support of and Opposition to Decisions Declaring Legislation Unconstitutional, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 630 |
Table 6-11
Votes in Support of and Opposition to Decisions Formally Altering Precedent, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 633 |
Table 6-12
Opinions of the Court, Dissenting Opinions, and Concurring Opinions, 1790-2004 Terms | | | | | | 635 |
Table 6-13
Votes of the Justices, 1953-2004 Terms | | | | | | 638 |
Table 6-14
Number of Solo Dissents, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 641 |
Table 6-15
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1946-1952 Terms | | | | | | 642 |
Table 6-16
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1953-1960 Terms | | | | | | 644 |
Table 6-17
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1961-1968 Terms | | | | | | 646 |
Table 6-18
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1969-1977 Terms | | | | | | 648 |
Table 6-19
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1978-1985 Terms | | | | | | 650 |
Table 6-20
Assignment and Authorship of Majority Opinion, 1986-2004 Terms | | | | | | 652 |
7
The Supreme Court: Its Political and Legal Environments | | | | | | 657 |
Table 7-1
Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Overturning Supreme Court Decisions | | | | | | 663 |
Table 7-2
State Action on Proposed Constitutional Amendments | | | | | | 663 |
Table 7-3
Public Opinion on Issues Related to Proposed Constitutional Amendments | | | | | | 665 |
Table 7-4
Cases in Which Members of Congress Filed Amicus Curiae Briefs, 1912-1997 | | | | | | 667 |
Table 7-5
Most Litigated Laws, Vinson through Rehnquist Courts | | | | | | 671 |
Table 7-6
Most Litigated Constitutional Provisions, Vinson through Rehnquist Courts | | | | | | 673 |
Table 7-7
Chairs of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary | | | | | | 675 |
Table 7-8
Chairs of the House Committee on the Judiciary | | | | | | 677 |
Table 7-9
Impeachment of Federal Judges and Justices | | | | | | 679 |
Figure 7-1
Organizational Chart of the Department of Justice | | | | | | 681 |
Table 7-10
Attorneys General of the United States | | | | | | 682 |
Figure 7-2
Organizational Chart of the Office of the Solicitor General | | | | | | 685 |
Table 7-11
Solicitors General of the United States | | | | | | 686 |
Table 7-12
Success Rate of the United States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 688 |
Table 7-13
Success Rate of the United States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 689 |
Table 7-14
Position Taken by the Solicitor General as an Amicus Curiae in Cases before the Supreme Court, 1953-1989 Terms | | | | | | 690 |
Table 7-15
Success Rate of the Solicitor General as an Amicus Curiae in Cases before the Supreme Court, 1954-1996 Terms | | | | | | 691 |
Table 7-16
Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 692 |
Table 7-17
Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 693 |
Table 7-18
Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Agency, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 694 |
Table 7-19
Supreme Court Rulings against Presidents, Washington to Clinton | | | | | | 696 |
Table 7-20
Success Rate of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 697 |
Table 7-21
Success Rate of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 698 |
Table 7-22
Success Rates of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by State, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 699 |
Table 7-23
Supreme Court Rule 37: Brief for Amicus Curiae | | | | | | 701 |
Table 7-24
Supreme Court Cases Containing at Least One Amicus Curiae Brief, 1953-2004 Terms | | | | | | 703 |
Figure 7-3
The American Court System | | | | | | 705 |
Figure 7-4
The Federal Court System: United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts | | | | | | 706 |
Table 7-25
Justices' Citations to Amicus Curiae Briefs, 1953-2004 Terms | | | | | | 707 |
Table 7-26
The Development of the Federal Courts of Appeals | | | | | | 708 |
Table 7-27
U.S. Court of Appeals Decisions Affirmed by the Supreme Court, 1946-2004 Terms | | | | | | 712 |
Table 7-28
U.S. District Court Decisions Affirmed by the Vinson, Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts | | | | | | 715 |
Table 7-29
Article I Special Jurisdiction Courts | | | | | | 719 |
Table 7-30
Article III Special Jurisdiction Courts | | | | | | 723 |
Table 7-31
Specialized Court Decisions Affirmed by the Vinson, Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts | | | | | | 726 |
Table 7-32
State and Territorial Court Decisions Affirmed by the Vinson, Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts | | | | | | 727 |
8
The Supreme Court and Public Opinion | | | | | | 731 |
Table 8-1
Respondents Allowing Atheists to Perform Specified Activity | | | | | | 735 |
Table 8-2
Respondents Allowing Racists to Perform Specified Activity | | | | | | 736 |
Table 8-3
Respondents Allowing Homosexuals to Perform Specified Activity | | | | | | 737 |
Table 8-4
Respondents Allowing Communists to Perform Specified Activity | | | | | | 738 |
Table 8-5
Respondents Allowing Militarists to Perform Specified Activity | | | | | | 739 |
Table 8-6
Respondents Favoring Capital Punishment, Various Polls | | | | | | 740 |
Table 8-7
Respondents Believing Courts Not Harsh Enough with Criminals | | | | | | 741 |
Table 8-8
Respondents on Wiretappping Issues | | | | | | 742 |
Table 8-9
Respondents Approving of Brown v. Board of Education | | | | | | 743 |
Table 8-10
Respondents Disapproving of Racial Intermarriage and Approving of Segregated Neighborhoods | | | | | | 744 |
Table 8-11
Respondents Approving of Busing, Various Polls | | | | | | 745 |
Table 8-12
Respondents Favoring Racial Preferences in Hiring or Promotion Where There Has Been Past Discrimination | | | | | | 746 |
Table 8-13
Respondents Favoring Affirmative Action | | | | | | 746 |
Table 8-14
Respondents Believing a Woman's Job Is to Take Care of the Home | | | | | | 747 |
Table 8-15
Respondents Believing Past Job Discrimination against Women Should Result in Hiring Preferences Today | | | | | | 747 |
Table 8-16
Respondents Believing Abortion Should Be Legal, Select Polls | | | | | | 748 |
Table 8-17
Respondents Believing Information on Birth Control Should Be Legally Available, Select Polls | | | | | | 750 |
Table 8-18
Respondents Believing Birth Control Should Be Available to Minors | | | | | | 750 |
Table 8-19
Respondents Supporting Legal Abortion under Special Circumstances | | | | | | 751 |
Table 8-20
Respondents Supporting Roe v. Wade, Select Polls | | | | | | 752 |
Table 8-21
Respondents Believing Homosexual Behavior Is Wrong | | | | | | 753 |
Table 8-22
Respondents Believing Homosexuals Should Have Equal Rights in Job Opportunities | | | | | | 753 |
Table 8-23
Respondents Supporting Gay Marriage | | | | | | 754 |
Table 8-24
Respondents Supporting Amendment Banning Gay Marriage | | | | | | 754 |
Table 8-25
Respondents Believing Pornography Leads to a Breakdown in Morals | | | | | | 755 |
Table 8-26
Respondents Approving of Supreme Court Decisions Preventing Organized Prayer or Bible Readings in Schools, Select Polls | | | | | | 756 |
Table 8-27
Respondents Supporting an Individual's Right to Die, Various Polls | | | | | | 757 |
Table 8-28
Respondents Believing the Supreme Court Is Too Liberal or Too Conservative | | | | | | 758 |
Table 8-29
Respondents Having a Great Deal or Quite a Lot of Confidence in the Supreme Court, Various Polls | | | | | | 759 |
Table 8-30
Public Reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's Plan to Enlarge the Supreme Court | | | | | | 761 |
Table 8-31
Members of State, District, and Territorial Bars Favoring Franklin D. Roosevelt's Plan to Enlarge the Supreme Court (1937) | | | | | | 762 |
Table 8-32
Respondents Believing That the Supreme Court's Decision in Bush v. Gore Mainly Reflected the Political Views or Partisan Politics of the Justices | | | | | | 764 |
Table 8-33
Respondents Approving of or Agreeing with the Supreme Court's Decision in Bush v. Gore | | | | | | 764 |
Table 8-34
Respondents Able to Name Supreme Court Justices (1989) and Chief Justice Rehnquist (1995) | | | | | | 765 |
Table 8-35
Respondents Able to Name the Judge on the Television Show The People's Court (1989) | | | | | | 765 |
Table 8-36
Respondents' Impressions of the Justices | | | | | | 766 |
Table 8-37
Respondents' Impressions of Chief Justice Rehnquist | | | | | | 766 |
9
The Impact of the Supreme Court | | | | | | 767 |
Table 9-1
Legal Abortions, 1966-2002 | | | | | | 772 |
Table 9-2
The Death Penalty in the States: Numbers of Inmates Executed and Awaiting Execution | | | | | | 773 |
Table 9-3
Black Children in Elementary and Secondary Schools with White Children: Southern and Border States, 1954-1973 | | | | | | 775 |
Table 9-4
School Desegregation by Region, 1968-2002 | | | | | | 776 |
Table 9-5
Percentage of Black Students in Majority White Schools, 1954-1998 | | | | | | 778 |
Table 9-6
Law School Enrollment and Graduation, Percentage Minority and Female, 1971-2006 | | | | | | 779 |
Table 9-7
Voter Registration Rates in Eleven Southern States, by Race, 1960-2000 | | | | | | 780 |
Table 9-8
Reported Voting and Registration by Race and Hispanic Origin 1978-2004 | | | | | | 782 |
Table 9-9
Political Action Committees (PACs), by Type, 1974-2005 | | | | | | 783 |
Table 9-10
Receipts, Expenditures, and Contributions of Political Action Committees, 1975-2004 | | | | | | 785 |
Table 9-11
Legislative Districting: Deviations from Equality in Congressional Districts | | | | | | 786 |
Selected Readings | | | | | | 789 |
Index | | | | | | 797 |